Pre-Late Egyptian Reconstruction/Templatic Class I: The i-Type Vocalizations

i-Type Infinitives

It is believed the i-Type vocalization originated as an adjective-verbal marker in the earlier phases of the language.
G. Fecht and C. Peust note the three verbs (as shown in the below table) are those originally containing the i-Type with stress on the final syllable and equate to Templatic Class I: Form 4.

Original i-Type Form

Egyptian Verb	Meaning	Notes
sinīd	fearing	ⲤⲚⲀⲦS
ḫitīm	thing shutting; shut; to be closed; gate	ϢⲦⲞⲘS - (noun) thing shutting; shut; gate ϢⲦⲀⲘSO - to shut ϢⲦⲀⲘⲈS - shutting ϢⲰⲦⲘ - (infinitive) to shut; shutting ϪⲒⲚϢⲐB - closing [ḫtmPyr - to close]
qinīd	become enraged; angry	ϬⲚⲀⲦS / ϬⲚⲈⲦ F - to be angry (as a state) ϬⲰⲚⲦ - (infinitive) to be angry ϪⲒⲚϮF / ϪⲈⲚϮF - (noun) wrath qnṱDem - anger [qnytLEg - yellow (color) (vocalic -y-), ḳVnPAA - be white, yellow]

• Some more examples of possible original i-Type vocalizations:
  

ⲘⲔⲀϨ^SAB, ⲘⲔⲈϨ^F - (infinitive/noun) be painful [ⲘⲞⲨⲔϨ^SA - (infinitive) offlict, oppress]
ⲘⲢⲞϢ^S / ⲘⲢⲀϢ^S - be red/yellow [ⲘⲎⲢϢ^SBF / ⲘⲈⲢϢ^SF - (adj.) red/ruddy]

Modified i-Type Forms

It appears that this vocalization was also adopted to other infinitival forms which consisted of roots with a with final -j/y, causing either an umlaut, emphasis spreading, or vowel harmony due to the proximity of some kind of semi-vocalic glide represented by the Egyptian hieroglyphic letter j .

The infinitival/nominal vocalization may have always been constructed using the a-Type Form 1, there is indirect evidence in the pronominal and qualitative forms of ultimae weak verbs which no longer utilized < j > and instead either replaced it with /t/ or simply inherited the /a/ vowel. Those vocalizations consisting of an i-Type vocalization seem to be largely predictable from the third consonant the verb had in Egyptian, though exceptions remain. The following paradigms equate to Templatic Class I: Form 3:

Root Class	Formula	Example
2-lit	AǐB	ǐ(j) [ⲈⲒSAA2F, ⲒBFA2, ⲈⲒⲨS] - coming
3ae inf.	AīBit AīBjit	šīnit - to seek/ask [ϢⲒⲚⲈ] mīrjit - loving [ⲘⲈ(Ⲓ)S, ⲘⲈⲒⲈA, ⲘⲀⲈⲒⲈA2, Ⲙ(Ⲏ)ⲒF]
4ae inf.	AīBCit	ḥīmsit - sitting [ϨⲈⲘⲤⲒB / ϨⲘⲞⲞⲤSF, ϨⲘⲈⲤⲦ-ϨⲘⲀⲤⲦ-ϨⲘⲈⲤAA2]

• List of Egyptian ultimae-j/y roots in Coptic:
  

ⲢⲒⲔⲈ / rqj - tending
ⲠⲒⲤⲈ / psj - cooking
ⲞⲨⲈⲒⲤⲈ / wsj - sawing
ϩⲒⲤⲈ / hsj - tormenting
ⲘⲒⲤⲈ / msj/msy - bringing forth, bear [ma/ič^PAA - child, small boy, ms^Pyr - child ... ⲘⲀⲤ/ⲘⲈⲤ - (noun) young (mostly of animal), ⲘⲀⲤⲈ / ⲘⲈⲤⲈ - young animal especially calf, ⲘⲈⲤⲒⲰ / ⲘⲈⲤⲈⲒOⲨ- nurse]
ⲢⲒⲘⲈ / rmy - weep [ⲢⲘⲈⲒⲎ, ⲢⲘⲈⲒⲈ- tear ~ rmyt ... ⲢⲘⲈⲒⲞⲞⲨⲈ - tears]

• But there are a handful of Egyptian ultimae -j verbs in Coptic which show the a-vocalization - it is possible these verbs did not have originally have < j >, the verb simply ended in a vowel from a consonant that was not pronounced at the end of the verb:
  

ⲔⲰⲦⲈ - turning / qd(y) - go round
ϤⲰⲦⲈ - wiping away / ft(t) - obliterate; fdj^Pyr/MEg-remove [fVtˌ^PAA - pull out, take out]
ⲚⲞⲨϪ(Ⲉ) - throwing / ndr
ⲘOⲤⲦⲈ - hating/ msdj^MEg - only shows a slightly different vocalization in its nominal forms: ⲘⲈⲤⲦⲈ, ⲘⲈⲤⲦⲎ, ⲘⲈⲤⲦOⲨ, whereas its pronominal and construct forms follow the a-Type.

• Some time between the Middle Kingdom and the Late Kingdom (in the 2nd Intermediate Period), the sound of ɜ conflated with the sound of j and thus the contamination of the ultimae j/y weak root i-Type vocalization began to be used for ultimae ɜ roots Also notice how these patterns follow 'Form 4':

Root Class	Formula	Example
2-lit ɜ	AāɜMEg AījLEg	wīj [wyMEg, wɜyLEg, ⲞⲨⲈS, ⲞⲨⲈⲒB ⲞⲨⲈⲒⲈAA2, ⲞⲨⲒⲈA2] - to be distant
3-lit ɜ	AaBāɜMEg AiBījLEg	ꜥišīj - to become many [ⲀϢⲀⲒSB]

• Examples of ultimae ɜ roots where the consonant ɜ fell out of pronunciation (or a change from ɜ = j) and shows the possible original a-vocalization - it is possible that these verbs lost their < ɜ > attribute at an early stage (probably before the 2nd Intermediate Period, in effect because of the loss of < ɜ > the vowels were not affected:
  

ḫǎɜ - placing [ⲔⲰ^SA2F, ⲔⲰⲈ^A2, ⲔⲞⲨ^AA2F] [ḫɜm^MEg - possess, hold (vocalic |ɜ|]), kam^PAA - hold, grasp]
bǎlaɜ - loosing [ⲂⲰⲖ, blɜ^Dem]
darāɜ - become strong, firm, victorious [ϪⲢⲞ, ϪⲰⲰⲢⲈ (infinitive) - strength/be strong ~ dr^Dem]
sǎmaɜ - uniting [ⲤⲰⲘ - subduing; pressing; pounding]
pǎḫaɜ - tearing [ⲠⲰϨ]
tǎkaɜ - lighting [ⲦⲰⲔ]
pǎgaɜ - breaking [ⲠⲰϬⲈ]
dǎgaɜ - planting [ⲦⲰϬⲈ ]

Note: ⲔⲒⲘ - moving ~ qmɜ^MEg, qm^MEg, shows some peculiarities in Coptic as not only has the consonant ɜ fallen away but the letter -t emerges from nowhere once a pronominal suffix is attached:
ⲔⲈⲘⲦ = (Construct form ⲔⲈⲘⲦ - is identical in spelling)
This may not only be a perfect example of ɜ = j => i-vocalization but also how here the verb is treated exactly as if it was ultimae-j. So, we have a qǎmaɜ^MEg construction and a qǐm(it)^LEg renovated construction.

• Should also be noted that the following group of verbs are frequently used in Egyptian and all follow an irregular set of rules governed by changing the vowel a ~ i as well as ɜ ~ j and shows abridged versions:
  

dījt (original: radǎjat or dǎjat ~ dājt) - giving [†^copt TI^copt †EI^{s. copt} TEI^{s. copt}]
tījt (original: jatǎjat or tǎjat ~ tājt) - taking [†I^copt ϪI^{s.a.a.f. copt} ϪEI^copt ϪIEI/ϪE^{s. copt} ϬI^{b. copt}]
ḫījt (original: ḫǎɜat ~ ḫǎjat ~ ḫājt) - measuring [ϢI^copt, ϢⲈI^S]
fījt (original: fǎɜat ~ fǎjat ~fājt) - carrying [ϤI^{s.a.a.b.f. copt} ϤEI^{s. copt} BI^{a.2 copt} ϤAI^{b. copt}]
ḥījt (original: ḥǎwat ~ ḥǎjat ~ ḥājt) - beating/threshing [ϩI^copt]

a>i Vowel Replacement in Coptic Nouns

Original short stressed |i| and |u| merged into short |e| in all dialects and then in Bohairic/Sahiric Coptic it merged into |Ⲁ| unless followed by a glottal stop; second millennium BC. Here's some examples which possibly were perfective active participles in the ancient language and assimilated into nouns in Coptic:

zǐ [CⲀ^copt] - man
ꜥǐḫ [ⲀϢ^copt] - originally brazier; later furnace, oven
sǐd [CⲀⲦ, CⲈⲦ^A.A2.B., CⲎⲦ^S.SfB. ] - tail
sǐf [CⲀϤ^S.B., CⲎϤ^SA, CⲈϤ^A.F. ] - yesterday
qǐs [KⲀC^copt / KⲈⲈC] - bone
lǐs [λΑC^copt] - tongue
rǐn [PⲀN^copt] - name
rǐm(at) [PⲀMⲈ^copt] - fish (by Coptic was also used for talapia)
qǐm(aɜ) [ϬⲀM^S.] - bull
hǐp [ϩⲀΠ^S.B.O., ϩⲈΠ^A.A2F. - judgement, inquest] - law, right, justice
rǐd [PⲀⲦ^S.B., PⲀⲦ^SaA2A.F.O.] - foot
hǐh [ⳊⲀⳊ ^{b. copt}] - neck
ḥǐs [ϩⲀC^copt] - dung (of animals)
tǐp [ⲦⲀΠ^copt] - horn
kǐp [ϬⲀΠ^copt] - sole of foot; foot
nǐw [NⲀY^copt] - time (by Demotic/Pre-Coptic also meant hour)
šǐw [ϢⲀY^copt - trunk, stump, piece] - piece, remainder
hǐy [ϩⲀI^copt] - husband
bǐɜ [BⲀI^copt] - originally a type of bird which took on the meaning soul; soon came to mean also a night-raven or screech-owl in Demotic and Coptic

bǐḥsat [BAϩCE^copt] - heifer, (fem) form of bḥs - calf

nǐpraj [NⲀΠPE^copt] - grain; seed
nǐdḥat [NⲀϪϩE^copt] - tooth
rǐhdat [PⲀϩⲦE^copt] - cauldron

sǐdat [CⲀⲦE^copt] - fire

• Dubious vowel formations... It is not quite known if there was an original [i] in the spelling of the below words.. These words may have been loan-words thus utilizing | Ⲁ^Copt] following the typical usage of Coptic A irregular rules in Coptic orthography:
  

βαρις^greek - boat
BⲀⲖ^copt - eye

Peculiarities

These groups of verbs follow orthographic rules in Coptic:

nǐw(iꜢ) - seeing [ⲚⲀⲨ^S.B., ⲚⲈⲨ^A2F., ⲚO^A.A2, ⲚⲰ^Sa ]
ϪAK^copt - clapping (no Middle Egyptian equivalent)
rāšaw - rejoicing [PAϢE^copt] - ršw^ME ršy^dem
šāfat - swelling [ϢAϤE^copt, ϢEϤE, ϢHϤE, ϢIϤE]
ḫāꜥ(at) - rising (of sun) [ϢA^copt, ϢAIE^{a. coptic}, ϢE(E)I^{f. coptic}] - Note: it appears like the entire ending vanished.

Notes

There are two types of i-Type verbs:

• The original adjectival verb which must have originally followed the typical Afro-Asiatic CaCiC adjectival pattern then as the language progressed they eventually began to pattern themselves CiCiC due to relocation of stress. It's unclear (at least to me), why most Afro-Asiatic adjectives from the mother proto-language did not conform to this pattern in Coptic, as this paradigm only seemed to affect some verbal forms as shown in Coptic.
  

• A modified version only used with verbs that officially ended in < j > or a vowel.
  

If a verb ended in a vowel due to a reduction of /a vowel/ + /a (weak) consonant/ it most likely continued to use the a-Type vocalization but there are a small number of verbs which eventually conformed and were treated as if they were an i-Type due to the renovated modification in the latest stages of the language.

In modern day Egyptian Arabic there is a distribution of a-types and i-types. The Western Delta prefers the a-type with certain Arabic roots, whereas the i-type is common in the eastern and central parts: šarab, faham, rakab, sama’, etc., versus širib, fihim, rikib, simi'.

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