UW SIS201 2011

This page is made for the students enrolled in SIS201 at the University of Washington. Study Questions for final

Part 1: terms, names, events Identify each term. When appropriate be sure to include key names, dates, or eras. Explain the significance of the term for SIS 201. Remember the name of the course is the The Making of the 21st Century, keep that in mind when thinking about the significance. Answer in NO MORE THAN 3 grammatically correct sentences (no run-ons). [perhaps you will be given a list of 12 to 15 of these terms, and asked to identify 8 to 10 of them for about 30% of the final.]

TERM	DEFINITION	HOW DOES IT RELATE TO GLOBAL ORDER?	CITE IN READINGS	Examples
Shari'a	A legal system in an Islamic state applied by Islamic judges		Tibi says it's what Islamists want to push on the whole world which would create a new global order based on shari'a	Iran, Sudan, US
Fundamentalism	strong adherence to any set of beliefs in the face of criticism or unpopularity		Tibi defines fundamentalism as a GLOBAL phenomena that is more political that religious, and therefore more modernist than traditionalist. Tibi pg 76: "Fundamentalism is a defensive-cultural worldview related to the disruptive effects and dislocations growing from modernization proccesses, whereas terrorism simply reflects a pattern of violent political action."
Gold standard	a monetary system where the standard economic unit of count is a fixed weight of gold		Frieden 278-300
Bretton Woods System	dominant international economic system of 'advanced capitalist' countries from WWII until the 1970's, which includes the World Bank, IMF, and WTO
Protectionism	The policy of restricting international trade with the intention of protecting domestic markets		Frieden 64-68	England: Prior to WWI, when England was the free trade and industrial center of the world, English manufacturers despised protectionism. If other countries raised tariffs (a trademark of protectionism) on English steel, the English manufacturers would lose their comparative advantage. However, the protectionist nations needed to keep English steel expensive so that their “infant industries” could compete and grow. Another example, farmers in land-poor England were also protectionist because land-rich America could force food prices down, thus reducing English farmer’s
Import Substitution Industrialization	a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. See GoPost "Import Substitution Industrialization"	No state can be completely independent and ISI creates protectionism...	Frieden 302
Export Oriented Industrialization	a trade and economic policy aiming to speed-up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage		See Frieden pg. 319-320.	Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong.
Washington Consensus	Encompasses the Western Hemisphere's renewed commitment to free trade, free markets, and private enterprise during the late 20th century (Keylor 220)		Keylor accurately summarizes the Washington Consensus (page 220, 223-225) and how the ideals it represents allowed the temporary relaxation of relations between the U.S. and Latin America
Neo-liberalism	a liberal ideology emphasizing a free market
International Monetary Fund	The International Monetary Fund was established at the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 and provided short-term loans for countries in debt to take advantage of without having to resort to currency-devaluation. The fund sourced its finances from member states, a large portion of which from the United States. It increased unemployment, decreased inflation, promoted exports and discourage imports		Keylor 38
World Bank	Created at the Bretton Woods conference of 1944. It's an international financial institution that provides loans for long term economic development		lecture (Jan 24), Keylor 38, Frieden 258
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)	The original GATT was signed in Geneva in 1947 by a dozen Western countries. It was created in response to the failure of the ITO (International Trade Organization) and was intended to reduce trade barriers and allow industrialized nations to negotiate on trade-policy. The agreement represents a shift to liberalized trade as international monetary relations in the world stabilized		Frieden 270
World Trade Organization (WTO)	Supervises and liberalizes international trade. (Replacement of GATT)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)	was adopted in Paris, in 1948. It arouse from the experience of the WWII and was the first document to clearly define and secure human rights, which all human beings are entitled to
Sovereignty	a concept of having independent authority over a geographic area, such as territory. It includes territorial integrity and independency of a state in lawmaking within its jurisdiction			Bandung Conference (1955) and Suez Canal Conflict
Secularization	transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious (or "irreligious") values and secular institutions. Secularization thesis refers to the belief that as societies "progress", particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance
League of Nations	intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, and the precursor to the United Nations. The League was the first permanent international security organization whose principle mission was to maintain world peace
"End of history?"	Fukuyama's "End of History" is a theory developed in 1989 after observing the fall of the Soviet Union and the ideology it represented. With only one remaining superpower, the US was unhindered in spreading its liberal democratic ideology and creating a "pax americana" in which ideologies cease to evolve and a universal homogeneous state exists. It also implies that the future of the Soviet Union is to either follow Western Europe or remain stuck in history. The "end of history" does not mean that international conflict would disappear, just that conflict would diminish because it appears in states not under the post-history homogenized existence and such states appear to be passing		Tibi
Green House Gases	a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C (59 °F)[note 1] colder than at present
Global Warming	the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation
Fundamentalism	the politicization of religion		Tibi 12-15,76
Planned economy	an economic system in which the state directs the economy
Fascism
European Union (EU)	Group of 27 liberal-democratic countries that act collectively to make decisions. They share common values such as democracy, human rights, and social justice. Promote free trade, flow of capital, regulates agriculture and environmental policy. 17 of the 27 EU members use the same currency (the Euro).
NATO	Stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, founded in 1949 as a "collective security" organization outside the auspices of UN authority. Based in the North Atlantic/Western Europe primarily, where the member states agree to collective defense if one state is attacked by an external party. This is defined by NATO's Article 5, which states that "an attack against one is an attack against all". The US joined even though this went against its isolationist plan. NATO was the counterpart to the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact after its foundation, and NATO today has expanded to 28 members, including many nations of the former Soviet bloc.	Contributed to the concept of a Cold War because of its ideological implications, as it served as the military-political wing of Western ideology and Western nations, and was symbolic of American protection/authority over Wester Europe during the Cold War.
[asset] bubble
Right to Protect
Collective action problem	Pursuit of a goal by more than one person. The problem is that each contribution by one person is insignificant unless everyone does it, therefore, people don't have any motivation to do it.			Global warming. If everyone took the correct steps to stop it then Earth would be saved. However, not everyone is doing their share so nothing's getting solved.
Public goods	Goods that everyone can use and the use of it by one individual does not exclude the use of it by another individual.	There's a free-riding problem which means a person consumes more than his fair share and less is produced. This is a problem for global order because there's no incentive for collective action		Breathing air
Comparative advantage	Relates to what a country produces best relative to other things they do.	gives order in world trade because everyone is able to benefit from it	Frieden p. 30-1
Collective security	Where each state in a system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to the peace.			SEATO was created to get South East Asia to join the collective security and stop the spread of communist China and USSR. However, it dissolved in 1977 when communism engulfed Vietnam. NATO is also an example of collective security, as is the Warsaw Pact (although membership in the Warsaw Pact was not voluntary).
Keynesianism	Theory that argues that private sectors decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which leads to responses by the public sector (monetary policy actions by central bank & fiscal policy by government) to stabilize output over the business cycle	economic model during the Depression, WWII and post war economic expansion
Domino theory	Says that if one land came under control/influence of communism then the surrounding areas would too
Truman Doctrine	When President Truman promised US aid to Greece and Turkey so they wouldn't fall into the Soviet sphere	Underpinned America's policy. Endured because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding life in a globalized world. Dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect
Preemptive war	AKA self defense. A war that is started in an attempt to repel an invasion/attack			9/11 Bush declared preemptive war and invaded Iraq to prevent them from developing nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare technologies
Democratic Peace	Holds that democracies never go to war with each other
Nationalism	A strong identification of a group of individuals to a nation	Nothing makes nationalism flourish more than competition and war because it pits one group against another
Axis powers
Axis of evil	President George W. Bush labeled Iraq, Iran and North Korea the axis of evil because they were accused of helping terrorism and seeking WMDs	North Korea used to be part of a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, making them eligible for aid by the US. Then the US got attacked, Bush put them in the axis of evil, they withdrew from the Treat, began testing nuclear weapons, and the US became concerned because South Korea and Japan are the US' close allies
Containment	Was a US policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America's security and influence abroad and prevent a "domino effect"	This is when the idea of the Soviets being an enemy began to take root. Part of the beginnings of the Cold War	Keylor
Afghan War (1979-1990)
Korean war	Military conflict between the Republic of Korea (supported by the UN) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China), with military aid from the Soviet Unoion
Vietnam war (1959-'75)	War in Vietnam during the Cold War which separated the North and South (non-communist and communist)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	Agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the US creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. Which means reduced tariffs on trade	NAFTA makes up a North American trade bloc, which is comparable to the EU
Détente	Foreign policy aimed at reducing global tensions		Keylor	easing of tensions between Soviet and US in 1970s
Treaty of Versailles	Peace treaty at the end of WWI that ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers	promoted peace and disarmament
Depression (1929-'39)	Era when everything from personal income to the stock market declines. Effecting the entire world	shows how low the world's economy can decline, which shows there was no global order
Welfare state	Concept of government where the state plays the primary role in assuring the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens		Frieden
Deterrence	Theory of war that was developed during the Cold War which pertains to the root of the Cold War: nuclear weapons. States that a party of war threatens the other party with equal of greater devastation	It's what kept the Cold War "cold" because each party knew the other had the power of retaliating with as much or more force
"Atomic bombs as paper tigers"	A paper tiger is something that seems as threatening as a tiger, but it really harmless		Mao says it's men and politics rather than weapons and economic power that determine factors in war
Non-alignment	When a state does not commit to international organizations or alliances			India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt refused to take either the communist or western side in the Cold War
First Gulf War	Started in 1990 when the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq troops happened. The UN sent air coalition forces and assaulted Iraq. According to Tibi, the Gulf War greatly strengthened fundamentalism.
Self-determination	Principle in international law that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status quo without external compulsion or interference	Although it's an international law, there are conflicting definitions and legal criteria determining which groups may claim self-determination
Euro	The official currency of 17/27 member states of the EU, implemented in 1999.	With a single common currency, Europe is in this regard a super-nation, with an economy rivaling that of the US.
Neo-conservatism	An American based ideology based on free-market, little social welfare, and a foreign policy focused on defending national interests (Fukuyama is one)
Social Darwinism	"Survival of the fittest" theory.
Global Orders	The shape that world order assumes in particular historical periods	all throughout history people have tried to create peace through world order and whenever there's a major event such as war new policies are created, changing the global order
Chinese Communist Party	The Party has dominated China since 1949, and was led by Chairman Mao.	Since 2000, China has seen unprecedented economic growth that accompanied their economic reforms (no political reforms yet). The CCP is becoming a dominant force in World politics, and is in the proccess of becoming the US's main rival.
"Japan Greenhouse"
Legacies of colonialism
Arc of instability	"Youth-bulge" countries where the age structure is largely made up of young people. These countries (sub-Saharan Africa, middle East, SE Asia, Latin America) will face many challenges as their young population ages.
Mikhail Gorbachev	The last leader of the USSR, implementing major reforms	Gorbachev's reforms helped bring the Cold War to an end in 1991
Marcoeconomic (or financial) trilemma	The three things at stake are Financial mobility, Monetary autonomy, and Fixed exchange rates. All of these things are desirable, but only two can exist at one time.	Many major financial policies (Bretton Woods, Gold Standard, the current one) faced this trilemma.
Fidel Castro
Josef Broz Tito

Part 2. You will be asked to analyze a New York Times article in light of major themes in the course. Make an argument explaining what the article reveals about the making of the 21st century and global order/disorder. [For example, you might think how you would approach one of the following: 2/25/11 “U.S. Pulling Back in Afghan Valley it called Critical” or 3/2/11 “Radical Cleric Demands Ouster of Yemen Leader.” ] Perhaps 30% of the exam.

Part 3. From the following list, two essays will be selected, and you will have to answer one of them. 40% of the exam. Your answer should make an argument based on class lectures, assigned readings, and New York Times readings.

What drives global change? Why do global orders rise and fall? Develop an argument based on course readings. In your argument, analyze the perspectives of Frieden, Keylor, Fukuyama, and Tibi on the catalysts for global change, and put these authors in conversation with each other. Consider broad structural processes vs. grassroots movements and economic vs. political factors

There are many factors that can drive global change. From Frieden's perspective, economics is perhaps the most forceful driver of change. However, from Fukuyama's perspective, global change follows a sort of Hegelian ideological evolution. To me, the answer is both. Both the individual and the collective, local and international ideological movements, society and the environment, and finally economics and politics all converge to drive global change. These are what cause global orders to rise and fall. An example of a broad structural process would be ASEAN proposing to integrate the voices of developing countries into the international financial system. They believe that this would help restore financial stability as well as ensure the continued functioning of the financial markets. There are also grassroots movements that effect the global order. For instance, the anti-nuclear movements that opposes the use of nuclear technologies. Although these are small social movements, the people still have a voice in the decisions that governments make, which affects global order because those decisions are usually made among the representatives of each nation involved. The most obvious economic factors that change global orders would be depression and inflation. These are perfect examples because this whole lecture was based on the Cold War and its affects on the world. During this war the world went into a great depression, which changed the way the governments cope with national financial crisis. However, if governments were able to cope with the stagnating effects on the real economy such as production, employment, and income then the worst of the economic effects from periods like the depression may be avoided. The political factors are just as important. The Soviet Union and the U.S. began having tensions when President Truman created the Truman Doctrine and launched the Marshall Plan in 1947 at the peace-time conferences. Every action has a reaction, and that reaction is usually the rise or fall of global orders.

“The problem with creating world orders is that they are usually established at the end of a major war, and reflect the balance of power at that time. They cannot predict future developments, and are not very adaptable. Therefore, world orders seldom last. Indeed, attempting to create a lasting world order is a fool’s errand.” Critically analyze this statement based on course materials. Indicate your personal view on this quotation, and defend it both logically and empirically.\

Though this statement bears some truth, the conclusion drawn is false. Considering the benefits of world orders, they provide a degree of security and justice. I will compare the ened for some sort of world order to the need for local government, and conclude that the benefits of world orders outweigh their costs.

Of course there are going to be new world orders because this term is vaguely identified as the reaction of nations after a dramatic change in the political world and the balance of power. There are four pillars that each nation attempts to establish for new world orders, which are legitimacy, stability, enforcement, and predictability. However, major changes would cause the world order to change. Therefore, "attempting to create a lasting world order is a fool's errand" is a true statement, but they are adaptable, which is shown with the widespread of Western ideology after the Cold War.

On March 4, 1953, President Dwight Eisenhower wondered why it wasn’t possible “to get some of the people in these downtrodden countries to like us instead of hating us.” Yet, many asked a similar sort of question at the time of 9/11/01, and still today. Why have many people in the world, especially the developing world, distrusted or resented the US? To what do you attribute the development of anti-Americanism? What can and should be done about these views?

According to Prof. Bachman, the US is so nationally focused that when it comes to outside of the US we are only focused on our own interests. In other words, if there is something that happens outside of the US that's out of our interest then we won't put any emphasis on it. The only time we care is when we're acting to do what's right. For example, in the middle east, people see the US as acting to pursue its interests that were narrow defined and that hurt them. Another example, is when the US didn't live up to international resolutions and they didn't push to get Israel out of occupied territories. It was a major hypocrisy on the US' part. Most of the world's developing countries have a negative view on the US because of its self interest.

IN 1941, Henry Luce (who owned Time Magazine and other media properties) wrote an editorial arguing that the century going forward would be “the American Century.” In what ways was the period from 1941 to 2011 the American Century, and what ways was it not? On balance, would you agree that it still is the American Century?

Thesis: 1941 to 2011 was only partially the "American century," in the sense that America dominated Western politics and economics. The reason it was only partial was because America competed with communism and a state planned economy the whole way through (even with the fall of the USSR). Furthermore, US dominance is being challenged by the rise of China, the threat of terrorism, and climate change. Because of these things this is no longer the American century.

Weigh the relative influence of the following three major historical forces for change in the 20th Century in the making of the 21st Century: major war, economic growth, and nationalism. (Hint: develop criteria by which you can assess the relative influence of each.)

Relative influence can be weighed by many different factors. Some of these may include military presence and where a country has its bases, how many people are helped or killed, GDP, tariff levels, the pole that measures happiness, etc. Major war's relative influence is measured by military presence, where a country has its bases, how many people are helped/killed because...Economic growth's relative influence is measure by GDP...Nationalism's relative influence is measured by tariff levels...

Assume that Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya become effective democratic governments over the next 5 years, that Yemen is dominated by fundamentalist political forces, and that Afghanistan remains the site of endemic conflict. How would these developments likely affect the state of global order in 5 years? Of the three different outcomes (democracy, fundamentalist rule, endemic civil strife) in these particular places, which outcome is, in your estimation, the one that is likely to have the greatest impact? Explain, drawing on course materials and analytical thinking.

Consider the relationship between global collective action problems and global institutions over the period from 1950 to 2000. Which major collective action problems have global institutions dealt with rather well, and which have they failed to deal with very well? What explains the results you identify. [Be sure to think about several different collective problems, and develop criteria to assess whether the collective action problems are dealt with well or not.]

Some fundamental challenges to the current global order are: the rise of China; Islamic Fundamentalism; global climate change; uncontrolled capital flows; global poverty; and political polarization in the US. Which one is the most important? Justify your choice by comparing it to two other challenges. From the perspective of the United States, what is a fair and reasonable way to deal with the challenge you identify at the global level? From the perspective of a developing country what is a fair and reasonable way to deal with the challenge you identify at the global level?

• The rise of China compared to Islamic Fundamentalism and global climate change o Tibi says that Islamic fundamentalism is not trying to control the whole world they are just trying to control their little piece of the world o Global climate change is gradual whereas China could easily make a change overnight that could affect the global order. They’re an exporter of WMDs to many countries and they fund them which means that those countries could rise up just as easily. • Climate change: large numbers of people on a scale, environmental refugees, gradual o Poverty: poor people are refugees, food security and water will create more poverty, poor contribute to climate change; deforestation, loss of airable land, burning coal (own health and environment). o China: market that’s worth trillions of dollars, environmental issues is a major issue for China and may be in their next 5 year plan, the world is important to China because the rest of the world is its market place.

Mcgregor→ Chinese party has a great amount of power and their success has shown that you don’t have to be a capitalist democracy based on the UDHR to have success. They have advanced faster than the US. They survived when Russia did not. And the played a major role in Vietnam and Korea.

Tibi→ Challenge of Islamic fundamentalism. He challenges Fukuyama, who in 1989 said that we reached the end of history where liberal democratic capitalism will prevail. Tibi says there will be a new global order/disorder. Mao got a bunch of adolescents to create violence saying they needed to make everyone do what’s right.

Keylor→ The world order post WWII. A lot of it is about the security in collective action problems. Food, disease, global warming, etc.

Frieden→ about global capitalism. Starts it with the gold standard and ends with globalization in the 90s.

2025→ arc of instability UDHR Covenant Charter International institutions-political, economic, social (how people react to things) Bretton Woods→ currency stability, world bank, IMF, WTO Lecture→look at titles of outlines