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%%% Primary Title: uncertainty by waves
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%%% Filename: Something20related20to20Heisenberg20uncertainty20principle.tex
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\begin{document}
We will find the \htmladdnormallink{Fourier transform}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FourierTransforms.html} \begin{align}
F(\omega) := \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)e^{-i\omega t}\,dt
\end{align}
of the Gaussian bell-shaped \htmladdnormallink{function}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} \begin{align}
f(t) \;=\; Ce^{-at^2}
\end{align}
where $C$ and $a$ are positive constants.\\
We get first
$$F(\omega) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty Ce^{-at^2}e^{-i\omega t}\,dt
\;=\; \frac{C}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-at^2-i\omega t}\,dt.$$
Completing the \htmladdnormallink{square}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/PiecewiseLinear.html} in
$$-at^2-i\omega t \,=\, -a\left(t^2+\frac{i\omega t}{a}\right)
\,=\, -a\left(t+\frac{i\omega}{2a}\right)^2-\frac{\omega^2}{4a}$$
and substituting\, $\sqrt{a}\left(t+\frac{i\omega}{2a}\right) \,:=\,z$,\, we may write
\begin{align}
F(\omega) \,=\,
\frac{C}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-a\left(t+\frac{i\omega}{2a}\right)^2}e^{-\frac{\omega^2}{4a}}\,dt
\,=\, \frac{C}{\sqrt{2\pi a}}e^{-\frac{\omega^2}{4a}}\int_l e^{-z^2}\,dz,
\end{align}
where $l$ is a line of the complex plane parallel to the real axis and passing through the point
\,$z = \frac{i\omega}{2\sqrt{a}}$.\, Now we can show that the integral
$$I_y \,:=\, \int_l e^{-z^2}\,dz = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-(x+iy)^2}\,dx$$
does not depend on $y$ at all.\, In fact, we have
$$\frac{\partial I_y}{\partial y} \,=\, \int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{\partial}{\partial y} e^{-(x+iy)^2}dx
\,=\, -2i\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-(x+iy)^2}(x+iy)\,dx
\,=\, i\!\sijoitus{x\,=-\infty}{\quad \infty}\!e^{-(x+iy)^2} \,=\, i\!\sijoitus{x\,=-\infty}{\quad \infty}\!e^{-x^2+y^2}e^{-2ixy} \,=\,0.$$
Hence we may evaluate $I_y$ as
$$I_y \,=\, I_0 = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-x^2}\,dx \;=\; \sqrt{\pi}$$
(see the ``area under Gaussian curve'').\, Putting this value to (3) yields the result
\begin{align}
F(\omega) \;=\; \frac{C}{\sqrt{2a}}e^{-\frac{\omega^2}{4a}}.
\end{align}
Thus, we have gotten another Gaussian bell-shaped function (4) corresponding to the given Gaussian bell-shaped function (2).\\
\textbf{Interpretation.}\, One can take for the {\em breadth} of the bell the portion of the abscissa axis, outside which the ordinate drops under the maximum value divided by $e$, for example.\, Then, for the bell (2) one writes
$$Ce^{-at^2} = Ce^{-1},$$
whence\, $t = \frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}$\, giving, by evenness of the function, the breadth\, $\Delta t = \frac{2}{\sqrt{a}}$.\, Similarly, the breadth of the bell (4) is\, $\Delta\omega = 4\sqrt{a}$.\, We see that the product
\begin{align}
\Delta t\cdot\Delta\omega = 8
\end{align}
has a constant value.\, One can show that any other shape of the \htmladdnormallink{graphs}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cod.html} of $f$ and $F$ produces a \htmladdnormallink{relation}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} similar to (5).\, The breadths are thus inversely proportional.\\
If $t$ is the time and $f$ is the action of a force on a \htmladdnormallink{system}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} of oscillators with their natural frequencies, then in the \htmladdnormallink{formula}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Formula.html} $$f(t) \;=\; \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty F(\omega)e^{i\omega t}\,d\omega$$
of the inverse Fourier transform, $F(\omega)$ represents the amplitude of the oscillator with angular frequency $\omega$.\, One can infer from (5) that the more localised is (smaller $\Delta t$ ) the external force in time, the more spread out (greater $\Delta\omega$ ) is its \htmladdnormallink{spectrum}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CohomologyTheoryOnCWComplexes.html} of frequencies, i.e. the greater is the amount of the oscillators the force has excited with roughly the same amplitude.\, If, conversely, one wants to achieve better selectivity, i.e. to compress the spectrum to a narrower range of frequencies, then one has to spread out the external action in time.\, The impossibility to simultaneously localise the action in time and also enhance the selectivity of the action is one of the manifestations of the quantum-mechanical {\em uncertainty principle} (or quantum `Principle of Indetermination'), which plays a fundamental role in modern physics.
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{MMP1}
\CYRYA. \CYRB. \CYRZ\cyre\cyrl\cyrsftsn\cyrd\cyro\cyrv\cyri\cyrch \;\&\, \CYRA. \CYRD. \CYRM\cyrery\cyrsh\cyrk\cyri\cyrs:
{\em \CYREREV\cyrl\cyre\cyrm\cyre\cyrn\cyrt\cyrery\, \cyrp\cyrr\cyri\cyrk\cyrl\cyra\cyrd\cyrn\cyro\cyrishrt\, \cyrm\cyra\cyrt\cyre\cyrm\cyra\cyrt\cyri\cyrk\cyri}. \,\CYRI\cyrz\cyrd\cyra\cyrt\cyre\cyrl\cyrsftsn\cyrs\cyrt\cyrv\cyro \,
``\CYRN\cyra\cyru\cyrk\cyra''.\, \CYRM\cyro\cyrs\cyrk\cyrv\cyra \,(1976).$:=$
\bibitem{MMP2}
Ya. B. Zel'dovich and A. D. Myshkis: ``{\em Elements of applied mathematics}'',
Nauka (Science) Publishers, Moscow (1976).
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
