PlanetPhysics/Physical Laws

The Laws of Physics

This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics.

more to come...

Laws of Classical, Newtonian Mechanics

• Newton's first, second and third laws of motion
• Euler--Lagrange equation
• Conservation of momentum
• Conservation of mass and energy
• Newton's Law of Gravitation
• Hook's law

Principles and Laws of Relativistic Mechanics

• Equivalence of reference systems or coordination frames
• Constancy of the speed of light, $c$
• Einstein's Equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass
• Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence
• Einstein--Hilbert action
• Einstein's field equations (EFEs)
• Einstein--Maxwell equations
• Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs
• Mach's 'principle', or conjecture

Laws of Fluids and Hydrodynamics

• 1
• 2
• 3

Principle and Laws of Optics

• Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Least (or minimum) Action; Variational principles
• Hamilton's Principle; Principle of Stationary Action
• Snell's Laws
• Huygens's Principle of Diffraction

Laws of Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics

• charge Conservation
• Coulomb's law
• Amp\'ere's Law
• Faraday's Law
• Kirchhoff law for electrical circuits
• Maxwell's equations
• Bragg's Law
• Clausius-Mossotti Law
• xxxx

Laws of Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics

• Energy Conservation
• Zeroth, First, Second and Third principles of thermodynamics: \bigbreak Zeroth Law -defines temperature: If a \htmladdnormallink{system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} A is in thermal equilibrium with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other}. First Law: The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between \htmladdnormallink{heat {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html} added to the system from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings}; \bigbreak Second Law: In any process occurring in a \htmladdnormallink{closed system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} the entropy can only increase}; \bigbreak Third Law: the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin) ; also Nernst's law or Nernst heat theorem.
• Avogadro's law: the number of \htmladdnormallink{molecules {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Molecule.html} or atoms in a specific volume of gas is a universal constant, independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas}; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number, $N_{A}$, of molecules of the gas; $N_{A}=6.022\times 10^{23}mol^{-1}$.
• Clausius--Clapeyron equation
• Van't Hoff equation
• Henry's law: At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given \htmladdnormallink{type {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid}.
• Dalton's law (Dalton's law of partial pressures): The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture .
• Van der Waals equation of state: Principle of Corresponding States
• Gibbs--Duhem equation , or the Phase Law
• Gibbs--Helmholtz equations
• Kopp's law for heat capacities
• Ehrenfest equations
• Maxwell's relations for Thermodynamic potentials
• Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations
• Stefan--Boltzmann's Law
• Fick's laws of diffusion
• Maxwell---Stefan diffusion
• Churchill-Bernstein Equation
• Raoult's law
• Duhem--Margules equation
• Thermodynamics of black holes and spin networks in Qauntum Gravity

Statistical Mechanics

• Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution laws:
• Maxwell---Boltzmann statistics,
• Bose--Einstein statistics,
• Ferm--Dirac statistics,
• Partition function and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System
• Schwinger functions and Osterwalder---Schrader theorem in statistical field theory
• Langevin equation

Laws of Quantum Mechanics

• Planck's law and Universal constant, $h$
• Einstein's Laws of Light absorption and Emission; Einstein's coefficients
• Law of photoelectric effect
• Quantization Laws
• First and Second quantization Principles
• Correspondence Principle
• wave-particle duality (de Broglie)
• Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction
• Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg)
• Schr"/odinger's Equations
• Hamilton's Principle
• Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac equations (EMD)
• Klein--Fock--Gordon equation
• Rarita--Schwinger equation for spin--3/2 fermions
• Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and quantum measurement Processes
• Pauli's Principle for fermions
• Goldstone theorem
• Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis: Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by objects: 1) Continuous spectrum -- a solid or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve); 2) Emission spectrum-- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines 3) Absorption spectrum -- a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum)
• Dispersion laws
• superconductivity principle and Meissner effect
• Wheeler--DeWitt equation in quantum gravity

Principles of \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theory {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} (QFT) and quantum electrodynamics (QED)}

• particle Indistinguishability
• Second Quantization
• Mass--renormalization laws
• Schwinger--Dyson equation

Laws of Atomic and Nuclear Physics

• Law of radioactive decay
• lepton conservation laws in electroweak theory
• The Standard Model
• supersymmetry
• Equivalence of string theories
• Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs theory Dispersion laws for Goldstone bosons

more to come ...