Let ( M , d ) {\displaystyle {}(M,d)} be a metric space. A subset U ⊆ M {\displaystyle {}U\subseteq M} is called open (in ( M , d ) {\displaystyle (M,d)} ), if for every x ∈ U {\displaystyle {}x\in U} there exists an ϵ > 0 {\displaystyle {}\epsilon >0} such that
holds.