Deductive Logic/Categorical Sentence Schemata/Modus Barbara Examples
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Barbara is the first figure, AAA-1 mood in Aristotle’s syllogistic:[1]
Barbara Form (AAA-1)
All M are P.
All S are M.
∴ All S are P.
Here, the middle term (M) is the subject of the major premise and the predicate of the minor premise.
This form is valid.
Ten Examples of Barbara Syllogisms
1.
- All mammals are animals. (M → P)
- All dogs are mammals. (S → M)
∴ All dogs are animals. (S → P)
2.
- All planets are celestial bodies.
- All Earth-like worlds are planets.
∴ All Earth-like worlds are celestial bodies.
3.
- All squares are rectangles.
- All rectangles are parallelograms.
∴ All squares are parallelograms.
4.
- All poets are writers.
- All sonneteers are poets.
∴ All sonneteers are writers.
5.
- All vertebrates are animals.
- All birds are vertebrates.
∴ All birds are animals.
6.
- All metals conduct electricity.
- All copper objects are metals.
∴ All copper objects conduct electricity.
7.
- All democracies are governments.
- All republics are democracies.
∴ All republics are governments.
8.
- All works of Shakespeare are plays.
- All tragedies of Shakespeare are works of Shakespeare.
∴ All tragedies of Shakespeare are plays.
9.
- All oceans are large bodies of water.
- All the Atlantic and Pacific are oceans.
∴ The Atlantic and Pacific are large bodies of water.
10.
- All just acts are morally good.
- All acts of generosity are just acts.
∴ All acts of generosity are morally good.
Each of these is a textbook-valid Barbara syllogism: All M are P; All S are M; therefore All S are P.