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Contents 1 Negative imperative [1] [2] 1.1 Morphemes 1.2 Morphophonology 1.3 Other Finnic dialects [7] 2 References 3 See also

[edit] Negative imperative ^{[1] [2]}

Negative expressions are made of an auxiliary negation verb followed by a main verb.

• The negation verb has the following imperative forms according to it's number and person: eläk, elka'a, elko'on, elko'ot.
• The main verb has the same imperative morpheme as the auxiliary e.g. elkōD jättägōD ('Let them not leave (it)!').

The negation verb will be conjugated in various moods. See other negation lessons about this matter.

[edit] Morphemes

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	Analytic only	Analytic
2.	eläk -k	elka'a -ka'a
3.	elko'on -ko'on	elko'ot -ko'ot

• The first person of singular has only analytic imperative both in Ingria and Estonia.
• The first person of plural uses usually present tense instead of imperative both in Ingria and Estonia.
  • Analytic expressions are also possible.

• The second person of singular:
  • See the previous lessons about dialectal variations in pronunciation of final -k of the main verb and the negation verb ~ eläk.
  • E.g. eläg_e̮лe̮G ~ elä e̮лe̮ ~ älä e̮лe̮ ('Don't be (like that)!'). (elä e̮le ~ älä e̮le in Lüganuse dialect ^[3])
• The second person of plural:
  • See the previous lessons about dialectal and morphophonological alternatives of the ending -ka'a.
  • E.g. elkā e̮лkā ~ älkā e̮лkā ('Don't be (like that)!'). (älk̆ä e̮lGa ~ älGä e̮lGa in Lüganuse dialect ^[4])

• The third person of singular:
  • See the previous lessons about dialectal and morphophonological alternatives of the ending -ko'ot.
  • E.g. elkō e̮лkō ~ älkō e̮лkō ('Don't let him be (like that)!'). (älGo e̮lGo in Lüganuse dialect ^[5])
• The third person of plural:
  • See the previous lessons about dialectal and morphophonological alternatives of the ending -ko'ot.
  • E.g. elkōd_ e̮лkōD ~ elkō e̮лkō ~ älkō e̮лkō ('Don't let them be (like that)!'). (älGo e̮lGo in Lüganuse dialect ^[6])

[edit] Morphophonology

• Singular of the second person imperative is always in a grade opposite to any other suffixal imperative form caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. elkō jättägō ('Let him not leave (it)!') vs. elä jätä ('Do not leave (it)!') or älkā page̮t-kā vs. elä pake̮ne̮ ('Don't escape!').

[edit] Other Finnic dialects ^[7]

The first person of singular

• Eastern Livonian dialects : al̄gə̑ e.g. al̄gə̑ lu ̉ggə̑-G (? 'I should better not read!')

The first person of plural

• Standard Finnish : älkäämme e.g. älkäämme luke-ko ('Let's not read!')
• Karelian dialects : elgämä
• Central Vepsian dialects : ougam e.g. ougam luge-goi ('Let's not read!')
• Standard Estonian : ärgem e.g. ärgem luge-gem ('Let's not read!')
• Eastern Livonian dialects : al̄gə̑ e.g. al̄gə̑ lu ̉ggə̑-Gə̑D ('Let's not read!')

The second person of singular

• Standard Finnish : älä e.g. älä lue ('Don't read!')
• Eastern Finnish dialects : elä
• Karelian dialects : elä e.g. Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : elä luve ('Don't read!')
• Central Vepsian dialects : ala e.g. ala luge ('Don't read!')
• Ingrian dialects : elä(G) e.g. elä(G) lue-G ('Don't read!')
• Standard Estonian : ära e.g. ära loe ('Don't read!')
• South Estonian dialects : ärʔ ~ ala e.g. South Estonian Räpina dialects : är luge̮-Goʔ ('Don't read!')
• Eastern Livonian dialects : alà e.g. alà lu ̉-G ('Don't read!')

The second person of plural

• Standard Finnish : älkää e.g. älkää luke-ko ('Don't read!')
• Karelian dialects : elgiä e.g. Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : elgiä luge-kki̮a ('Don't read!')
• Vepsian dialects : algat ~ ougat e.g. ougat luge-goi ('Don't read!')
• Ingrian dialects : elkkǟn e.g. elkkǟn lukke-aG ('Don't read!')
• Standard Estonian : ärge e.g. ärge luge-ge ('Don't read!')
• South Estonian dialects : ärkke e.g. South Estonian Räpina dialects : ärkke luge̮-Ge̮ʔ ('Don't read!')
• Eastern Livonian dialects : al̄git e.g. al̄git lu ̉ggi-GiD ('Don't read!')

The third person of singular

• Standard Finnish : älköön e.g. älköön luke-ko ('Don't let him read!')
• Karelian dialects : eĺgäh e.g. Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : eĺgäh luge-kkah ('Don't let him read!')
• Vepsian dialects : algaha ~ ougaha e.g. ougaha luge-goi ('Don't let him read!')
• Standard Estonian : ärgu e.g. ärgu luge-gu' ('Don't let him read!')
• Eastern Livonian dialects : al̄gə̑ e.g. al̄gə̑ lu ̉ggə̑-G ('Don't let him read!')

The third person of plural

• Standard Finnish : älkööt e.g. älkööt luke-ko ('Don't let them read!')
• Karelian dialects : eĺgäh e.g. Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : eĺgäh luge-kkah ('Don't let them read!')
• Central Vepsian dialects : ougaha e.g. ougaha luge-goi ('Don't let them read!')
• Ingrian dialects : elkkǟsse(G) e.g. elkkǟsse(G) lukke-aG ('Don't let them read!')
• Standard Estonian : ärgu e.g. ärgu luge-gu ('Don't let them read!')
• South Estonian dialects : ärkko e.g. South Estonian Räpina dialects : ärkko luge̮-Goʔ ('Don't let them read!')
• Eastern Livonian dialects : al̄gə̑D e.g. al̄gə̑D lu ̉ggə̑-Gə̑D ('Don't let them read!')

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)
• Present tense negation
• Imperfect tense negation