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Contents 1 Participles [1] 1.1 Morphemes 1.2 Past tense 1.2.1 Definite voice -nut 1.2.1.1 Morphophonology 1.2.1.2 Dialectal alternatives 1.2.1.3 Declension 2 References 3 See also

[edit] Participles ^[1]

• Past tense participles are used for imperfect tense negation, perfect tense and pluperfect tense.
• Any participle may act as a verbal modifier like an adjective.
• Participles take part in various modal expressions with auxiliary verbs.

[edit] Morphemes

Tense	Definite voice	Indefinite voice
Past	-nut	-ttu
Present	-va	-ttava

[edit] Past tense

[edit] Definite voice -nut

[edit] Morphophonology

• The morpheme -nut takes a consonant stem if possible e.g. en pannu ('I did not put (it there).') vs. pane̮ ('Put!').
  • Therefore it is always in the same grade as all the suffixal imperative forms except the singular of the second person e.g. elkō jättägō ('Let him not leave (it)!') vs. et jättännü ('You did not leave (it)!') or page̮t-kā ('Escape!') vs. emmä page̮n-nūD ('We did not escape.').

[edit] Dialectal alternatives

• In Ingria:

1. It has lost it's final t e.g. emmä ̮tehnü ('We did not do (it).').
2. It's first n may be assimilated by the preceding dental consonant l, r, s e.g. et pǟssü or et pǟznü ('You did not get through.').
3. It's first n assimilates the preceding dental consonant t e.g. et arvannu ('You did not guess.') vs. arvatkā ('Guess!').
   1. It's first n is geminated after a vowel probably caused by metanalysis of the previously mentioned sound change e.g. että sȫnnü ('You did not eat.'), että лaske̮nnu ('You did not let (it).'). It must be a late feature, because it breaks the consonant gradation rules e.g. et jättän-nü ('You did not leave (it)!').
4. (See also the declension paragraph about the former assimilations in Alutaguse dialects.)

• In Eastern Votic dialect they have added a metanalytic morpheme -k to the past participle's singular nominative -nut e.g. emmäG ̮vēnnǖD ('We did not take (it away).') vs. et vēnnüG ('You did not take (it away).'). The suffix -k is probably borrowed from the present tense negation here, where it was a present tense marker ^[2]. See the chapter of imperfect tense negation.

• In Alutaguse dialects ^[3] the morpheme -nut has lost it's vowel like in Ingrian, Mid Estonian , Ingrian Finnish and South-eastern Finnish dialects e.g. et vienD ('You did not take (it) away.'), en karttanD ('I was not afraid.').

1. After n, l, r, s only t has left of -nut e.g. en e̮lD ('I were not.'), et kūlD ('You did not hear.'), en me̮elD ('I did not think.'), ei üölD ('She did not say.'), ei surD ('He did not die.'). (See also the declension paragraph about the former assimilations.)
   1. You may hear irregular alternatives e.g. ei üttelD ~ ei ütlenD ('She did not say.' - Jõhvi dialect), ei surruD ('He did not die.' - an archaism of Jõhvi dialect), et kūlunt ~ et kūlluD ('You did not hear.' of Lüganuse dialect), ei tahtunD ~ tahtanD ~ tahunD ~ tahanD ~ tahnD ~ taht ('She did not want.' The source was not clear enough to tell, which cases were used in Alutaguse and which cases belong to Coastal Estonian dialects), ei tieDänD ~ tiaDanD ~ tianD ('He did not know.' The source was not clear enough to tell, which cases were used in Alutaguse and which cases belong to Coastal Estonian dialects).
   2. The verbs do, go and see have preserved h in their stem like in Vaiga dialects, Old Estonian scriptures (Wanradt, Müller, Stahl etc.), Vironian Mid Estonian and other Finnic dialects e.g. ei lähenD ~ lähänD ~ lähnD ('It did not go.' The source was not clear enough to tell, which cases were used in Alutaguse and which cases belong to Coastal Estonian dialects), ei nähenD ~ nähänD ~ nähnD ~ näht ('She did not see.' The source was not clear enough to tell, which cases were used in Alutaguse and which cases belong to Coastal Estonian dialects), ei tehenD ~ tehnD ~ teht ('He did not do.' The source was not clear enough to tell, which cases were used in Alutaguse and which cases belong to Coastal Estonian dialects). However these are seldom found in Alutaguse runic songs ^[4].
2. ks and sk-stems may drop their k in front of -nut e.g. et juoksenD ~ et juost ('You did not run.'), en laskenD ~ en last ('I did not shoot.').

• In Alutaguse runic songs ^[5] the morpheme -nut is written nud and probably was pronounced nuD.

1. It's first n is geminated, if the preceding syllable carries a secondary stress e.g. Miks õled põskista põdenud, kõrva ääred kõlletannud [miks e̮le pe̮skista pe̮DenuD ke̮rva ǟred ke̮llettannuD ] ('Why are your cheeks so pale? Why have (the edges of your) ears became yellowish?' of Lüganuse dialect).
2. In some Lüganuse (Irvala) and Iisaku (Sootaga) runic songs -nut has lost it's final t like in the Votic of Ingria, Vyborg Finnish, South-eastern Häme dialects and Finnish Dialects of the Islands in Gulf of Finland e.g. ei lüönü ('He did not beat.') ^[6].

[edit] Declension

• In Ingria it is declined like the XV Declension's -t stems i.e. the final t has disappeared from vowel stems and the ancient stem-vowel e has been assimilated by ü or u of the preceding syllable, thus causing their prolongation e.g. plural nominative tehnǖ-D vs. singular partitive tehnüt-tä ('(the one who has) done').

1. In Jõgõperä dialect they may decline it according to a parallel declension influenced by Finnish and Ingrian dialects e.g. kōллu: kōллū: kōллūлē̮ vs. kōллu: kōллē̮: kōллē̮лē̮ ('(the one who has) died' - singular nominative, singular genitive, singular adessive).

• In Alutaguse dialects ^[7] -nut+e- > *-nuðe- is declined similarly to the Ingrian-like declension of Jõgõperä.

1. I.e. the final t has disappeared from vowel stems and the ancient stem-vowel e has assimilated ü or u. But long vowels can occur only in the first syllable in Alutaguse, thus there is no vowel prolongation e.g. /sāB/ surne se̮numi ('/She gets/ a death omen'), jǟttänelt /päilt/ ('(when something was) frozen'), e̮ppet̆taja rǟkkis lahkunettest ('The teacher spoke about the left ones.').
   1. It's first n may be assimilated by the preceding dental consonant l, s e.g. e̮lleD ('been'), te̮isseD ('the risen ones' - in Lüganuse dialect tuisseD ), but not always by r e.g. surneD ('the dead ones').
      1. It's first n assimilates the preceding dental consonant t e.g. akka(n)ne /rohi/ ('a medicine against sertain disease') vs. akatta (infinitive). It may be degeminated by influence of Mid Estonian dialect.
   2. It's first n is geminated after a syllable, which carries a primary or secondary stress e.g. kuluneD ja mätänenneD ('outspent and rotten (things)').
      1. It's first n may be geminated after an unstressed vowel also, but is weaker there e.g. jahtun̆neD /vorstiD/ ('simmered /sausages/').
2. The singular partitive -nut+ta will sound -nD (or -ne in Lüganuse dialect) e.g. /neli/ surrunD or /neli/ surne ('/Four/ dead (men).').
   1. The plural partitive -nut+i+ta will sound -ni e.g. /te̮i/ kuivani /e̮ksi/ ('/He brought/ dried /twigs/.').
3. Usage of singular and plural has become very irregular lately under the influence of Mid Estonian dialect ^[8].

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)
• Negative imperative
• Perfect tense
• Pluperfect tense
• Auxiliary verbs