User:KYPark/Sandbox

Unity

w: Taiji

Duality

w: Yin and yang

The counterclockwise image on the right was adapted from the clockwise File:Yin_and_Yang.svg. Its neutral background enables the color of the circle to be inverted most easily.

In the beginning there came to exist the ultimate oneness, universe, or Taiji, if you like, consisting of yin and yang, making difference or sense possible, hence the beginning of information!

This is the Yin-yang symbol or Taijitu (太極圖), with black representing yin and white representing yang. It is a symbol that reflects the inescapably intertwined duality of all things in nature, a common theme in Taoism. No quality is independent of its opposite, nor so pure that it does not contain its opposite in a diminished form: these concepts are depicted by the vague division between black and white, the flowing boundary between the two, and the smaller circles within the large regions.

— From Description of File:Yin_yang.svg

Implications

Newton's law of motion

• Third law (aka action-reaction law)

  To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction: or the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in opposite directions.

Homeostasis

• The equation of chemical equilibrium

  reactant(s) product(s)

Behaviorism

• Stimulus-response theory

Binary opposition

• Binary number system

Symbolism

• Encoding & Decoding
• Implication & Explication

Antipositivism

• But not wholly against empiricism, behaviorism, statistics or sicentific method

Ethics

• Beyond Good and Evil

Moebius band

Ancient Greek's four elements

• Air is wet and hot.
• Fire is hot and dry.
• Earth is dry and cold.
• Water is cold and wet.

To turn a rectangle into a Möbius strip, join the edges labelled A so that the directions of the arrows match.

The Möbius band symbolizes a unity of binary opposition, that is, Taiji of yin and yang.

Perhaps most of the honey-colored (yang or daylight) side is unseen, implicit, on the background, hence the following 2x2 contingency table, so to speak, quadrant or duplex yin-yang:

yang seen yang unseen yin seen yin unseen	hot fire south dry air west wet water east cold earth north
fire dry hot air wet hot earth dry cold water wet cold	fire dry hot earth dry cold water wet cold air wet hot

Toward a more coherent perspective

black North winter night death expire infer reflect earth cold wet white West fall dusk writhe explode decode observe air hazy cold red South summer noon growth depress encode act fire hot hazy blue East spring dawn birth inspire refer plan water wet hot

• Read the lines from right to left.
• In the Far East, the colors are related to the four cardinal directions and the center.
• Such relations may well be further applied to the solar and life cycles.
• The steps inspire, depress, explode, expire are the four strokes of the internal combustion engine cycle.
• The steps refer, encode, decode, infer are the quadrants of a unit dialog analogous to an engine cycle. The term refer accords with Ogden & Richards (1923) and F. P. Strawson (1950) "On Referring" (subjective cognition or thinking) as a rejoinder to Bertrand Russell (1905) "On Denoting" (objective signification or encoding).
• The steps plan, act, observe, reflect are of the experiential learning cycle as formulated by Carr & Kemmis (1986) Becoming Critical.
• The Greek four classical elements are newly interpreted and related accordingly.
• Dryness may better be regarded as haziness, not sharply contrasted with wetness or wateredness.

Note

• The ancient Greek's view on four elements, juxtaposed by another quadrant yin-yang of properties, seems to stress the circulation from element to element.
• The Möbius band may be responsible for twisting the diagonal opposition of fire vs. water and air vs. earth, as shown in the low right square.
• The Korean 흙 (earth) may be cognate with 흑 (黑, black, north), either being romanized heuk.

Foucault pendulum

Animation of a Foucault pendulum at the Pantheon in Paris (48°52' North), with the Earth's rotation rate greatly exaggerated. The green trace shows the path of the pendulum bob over the ground (a rotating reference frame), while the blue trace shows the path in a frame of reference rotating with the plane of the pendulum.

Nataraja

Shiva is Nataraja, the Lord of Dance, who performs his cosmic dance to destroy a weary world and help Brahma create a new one again, hence self-organization. See also Capra (1975).

European Taijitu

Shield pattern of the Western Roman infantry unit armigeri defensores seniores (ca. AD 430), the earliest known classical yin yang emblem.

Quadrant coding cycle

Triangle of reference

User:KYPark/Triangle of reference

Ego and reality

Experience	The Cartesian ego Reality	Idea (mental discourse)	. . . . . . . . . : : : : v (meanings?)
Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) Port Royal Logic (1662) Locke's Essay (1690) Berkeley's Principles (1710) . . . Port Royal Grammaire raisonnée et générale (1660) . . . . . . Destutt de Tracy's Eléments d'idéologie (vol. 1, 1801) and Grammaire générale (1803)

Figure 1

Information retrieval model

Argument for direct access to Document D even extracted

• Instead of its too rough and ambiguous Surrogate d, hence, the thesis of A Direct Approach to Information Retrieval
• The citing extracts necessarily refer to the cited, hence unavoidably a web of hypertexts in need indeed!
• The need for the "world encyclopaedia," "world wide network" or web of scientific information, in general, has been projected perhaps most outspokenly and unselfishly by H. G. Wells since the mid 1930s, evidently in his World Brain (1938). Hence, he is at least a decade earlier pioneer in hypertext than the most celebrated Vannevar Bush who wrote a mere 8-page essay (1945) "As We May Think" without references, perhaps mainly aiming to invite investors to the rapid microfilm selector of his MIT team's patent. Then, what a shame (shamefulness and shamelessness) it is to uniquely make a hero of a selfish commercialist or capitalist at the sacrifice of the real, unselfish, utilitarian hero.
• The epoch-making emergence in 2006 of Pirate Party and WikiLeaks and twitter may be a sign of rebellion against too selfish capitalism, which looks like hanging on the crossroad to have to show up its truly unselfish self interest that may be too far away in this state of the world. The world without making sense of justice would make no more sense than just a jungle. This is a warning for a healthy capitalism to survive. No ism whatsoever without justice! No nuclear power but just world peace as Wellls wished!

Direct manipulation

• As coined by Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland

Hence, human-computer interaction, HCI, at last

• In which Ben Shneiderman is also an expert

Or, computer-human interaction, CHI, at first

• As the ACM SIG/CHI suggests
• As the Greek X (chi) suggests the System-User interaction, S x U

Self-organizing blackboX

An artwork may be worth a thousand words. That may be why so many people try to draw anyway.

The significance of what the drawing on the right signifies may relate to such critical notions as second-order cybernetics and self-organization, as witnessed by the famous cybernetic pioneers, including Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Staford Beer, Humberto Maturana, w: Francisco Varela, etc., regardless of alleging who was the real progenitor, perhaps among them, closely related one way or another, three of whom you may note happen to be the alumni of University College London. As much as such, the college authority must bother and help make clear who was the real progenitor. Pask claimed it was von Foerster so that the world should be convinced of the truthfulness enough to pay homage to him.

Second-order cybernetics

The anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead contrasted first and second-order cybernetics with this diagram in an interview in 1973.

It emphasizes the requirement for a possibly constructivist participant observer in the second order case:

. . . essentially your ecosystem, your organism-plus-environment, is to be considered as a single circuit.

— w: Second-order cybernetics

The above year "1973" may be not only mistaken for 1976 but also deliberated, as it is subtly hanging on the verge of the 1975 world brain storming!

This following article is of a conversation between Stewart Brand, Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead and was originally published in the CoEvolutionary Quarterly, June 1976, Issue no. 10, pp. 32-44. http://www.oikos.org/forgod.htm

Jean-Louis Le Moigne

This diagram shows Jean-Louis Le Moigne's view on self-orgnaization by virtue of information. (online pdf)

The ∞ shape may suggest the infinite loop of interaction, and the X (chi) in the middle the human-computer interaction.

Metascience Metascience is simply science of science, mainly aiming to address the following three fundamental questions: What to make science? Why to study science? How to study science? ☯ What Science is made by virtue of objective truth in context or coherence. A rough theory of everything may be likely objective or true in principle, whereas a tough theory of something only so in context in practice, within the valid frame of reference. A pair of independent frames may be surprisingly consilient or jumping together, such as in: Capra (1975) The Tao of Physics (Tao and modern physics) Percy (1975) The Message in the Bottle (consilient "Delta Factor") Polanyi (1975) Meaning (tenor and vehicle in interaction) Putnam (1975) "The Meaning of 'Meaning'" (Earth and Twin Earth) Ricoeur (1975) The Rule of Metaphor (tenor and vehicle) Wilson (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (sociology and biology) Why Science is needed for the greatest happiness, wisdom, or simply use, hence utilitarianism or its American version called pragmatism. This strongly suggests the social role of science in human goal-seeking, eg, The Social Function of Science (1939) as entitled by J. D. Bernal near the outbreak of the World War II. After all, he was addressing the question how. Along the line of thought, the Society for Social Studies of Science was founded in 1975, Robert K. Merton becoming its first President. Wisdom Wisdom is a deep understanding and realizing of people, things, events or situations, resulting in the ability to choose or act to consistently produce the optimum results with a minimum of time and energy. Wisdom is the ability to optimally (effectively and efficiently) apply perceptions and knowledge and so produce the desired results. Wisdom is comprehension of what is true or right coupled with optimum judgment as to action. Synonyms include: sagacity, discernment, or insight. Wisdom often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that one's principles, reason and knowledge prevail to determine one's actions. — w: Wisdom Whence wisdom wakes Throughout almost all our life we are treating things as signs. All experience, using the word in the widest possible sense, is either enjoyed or interpreted (i.e., treated as a sign) or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation. An account of the process of Interpretation is thus the key to the understanding of the Sign-situation, and therefore the beginning of the wisdom. It is astonishing that although the need for such an account has long been a commonplace in psychology, those concerned with the criticism and organization of our knowledge have with few exceptions entirely ignored the consequences of its neglect. (p. 50-51) — q: The Meaning of Meaning From Knowledge to Wisdom Manfred Kochen ed. (1975), aiming World Brain (1938) for humanity Nicholas Maxwell (1984, 2007), aiming intellects for humanity What's Wrong With Science? Nicholas Maxwell (1976, 2009) (Amazon) The pursuit of scientific knowledge dissociated from a more fundamental concern to help humanity improve aims and methods in life is, as we have seen, a recipe for disaster. This is the crisis behind all the others. (pp. xii-xiii) Science and Moral Priority Roger Sperry (1983) DIKW  An unwarrantable byproduct. How C. K. Ogden (1930) Alfred Korzybski (1933) I. A. Richards (1936) H. G. Wells (1938) J. D. Bernal (1939) Norbert Wiener (1948) C. P. Snow (1959) Thomas Kuhn (1962) Karl Popper (1963) Fritjof Capra (1975) Paul Feyerabend (1975) Paul Grice (1975) C. K. Ogden (1930) Alfred Korzybski (1933) I. A. Richards (1936) H. G. Wells (1938) J. D. Bernal (1939) Norbert Wiener (1948) C. P. Snow (1959) Thomas Kuhn (1962) Karl Popper (1963) Fritjof Capra (1975) Paul Feyerabend (1975) Paul Grice (1975) Science is studied by way of the scientific method. However, it may be that "anything goes" as pointed out by Paul Feyerabend (1975) Against Method, unless the above two questions are ill affected. Methodologically, he has no reason to discriminate, hence greatly favoring, religion and pseudoscience from science. Metascientific revolution Arguably, an unprecedented metascientific revolution started suddenly from 1975. Strangely, it is yet to be mentioned, though full of hard evidence. Too widespread plagiarism is a high likelihood. For instance, a vital study on metaphor three decades ago should have paid due homage to I. A. Richards's seminal work, The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936). In 1975, some did, including Michael Polanyi and Paul Ricoeur, and others didn't. The neglect of due intellectual debts damages science in process and progress.

References

• C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism.
• C. K. Ogden (1930). Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar.
• Alfred Korzybski (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics.
• I. A. Richards (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric.
• H. G. Wells (1938). World Brain.
• J. D. Bernal (1939). The Social Function of Science.
• Norbert Wiener (1948). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
• C. P. Snow (1959). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution.
• Thomas Kuhn (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
• Karl Popper (1963). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge.
• Fritjof Capra (1975). The Tao of Physics.
• Paul Feyerabend (1975). Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge.
• Paul Grice (1975). "Logic and Conversation," in: Syntax and Semantics Vol. 3: Speech Act. pp. 41-58.
• Manfred Kochen, ed. (1975). Information for Action: From Knowledge to Wisdom.
• David A Kolb and R. E. Fry (1975). "Toward an Applied Theory of Experiential Learning," in: C. L. Cooper (ed.) Theories of Group Process, London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 33-58.
• Walker Percy (1975). The Message in the Bottle.
• Michael Polanyi (1975). Meaning.
• Paul Ricoeur (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language.
• Dan Sperber (1975). Rethinking Symbolism.
• D. J. Shallcross (1975). "Creativity: Everybody's Business." Personnel and Guidance Journal, 51(9), 623-626.
• Edward Wilson (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.
• Nicholas Maxwell (1976). What's Wrong with Science?
• Albert Bandura (1977). Social Learning Theory.
• Ronald Dworkin (1977). Taking Rights Seriously.
• Umberto Eco (1977). A Theory of Semiotics.
• Joseph Novak (1977). A Theory of Education.
• Karl Popper & John Carew Eccles (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism.
• Nicholas Rescher (1977). Methodological Pragmatism: A Systems-Theoretic Approach to the Theory of Knowledge.
• E. F. Schumacher (1977). A Guide for the Perplexed.
• Herbert Simon (1977). Models of Discovery: And Other Topics in the Methods of Science.
• Chris Argyris & Donald Schön (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective.
• James Burke (1978). Connections: Alternative History of Technology.
• Arthur Koestler (1978). Janus: A Summing Up.
• Gregory Bateson (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences).
• Hubert Dreyfus (1979). What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence 2nd ed.
• Jurgen Habermas (1979). Communication and the Evolution of Society.
• Andrew Ortony, ed. (1979). Metaphor and Thought.
• Richard Rorty (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature.
• George Lakoff & Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. [*]
• Nicholas Maxwell (1984). From Knowledge to Wisdom: A Revolution in the Aims and Methods of Science.

Footnotes