Tourism
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[edit] Tourism for A2 Geography
Tourism at A2 geography is one of the most awful geography topics I have ever done, but here's some case studies. They wont be wholey suffecient, but they love numbers and all that jazz, so remember some of them. Enjoy
[edit] Kenya
Kenya has passed through the entirety of the Butler model of toursim (exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and rejuvenation/decline).
Due to the expansion of the pleasure periphery (an ever expanding wave of tourism to encompass more destinations and new experiences), Kenya became popular in the 1960's. It was attractive due to resources, such as the beaches in Mombasa, and the abundant wildlife in the savanna. Many tourists spent one week at one resource, and one week at the other. It was also a good year round destination, as there is no seasonality with ~26'C all year round.
In the 1980's package holiday deals became available, which due to economy of sales, were cheaper. During the 80's tourism overtook cofee as Kenya's main export with 43% of the countries gross nation product (GNP), and many western style hotels were built to attact more tourists. This lead to a transistion from resource to demand based tourism. The hotels and services became trans-national corporations (TNCs) so they were not owned by the locals. This lead to leakage (the loss of money through foreign ownership) at a rate of 40%, and loss of culture as the innately friendly Kenyans, such as the Massai tribe) were restricted from shaking hands when employed by large hotels, as western people were not comfortable with the contact.
This lead to the decline of Kenyan tourism in the late 80's and early 90's. Crime and general debauchery from the western culture meant the area was no longer attractive to tourists, so charter flights were cut, and some travel agents no longer supplied holidays there. In 1992 Kenya lost 70% of there British market.
[edit] Spain
The Costa del Sole became a popular resource for British tourism in the 1970's with package holidays made cheaper though economy of sales.
In the 60's there were only 0.4 million tourists to the Costa del Sol, visiting for the beach holidays, but in the 70's this rose to 3 million. Farmland was built on and through the multiplier effect, the infrastructure was improved. There was again a transistion from resource based to demand based, as demonstated by the Butler model product cycle showing tourism as exploiting a resource. Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were built, leading to environmental degradation.
During the 80's tourism in the region had risen to 7 million, and the carrying capacity had been reached. The area began to stagnate, and was no longer fashionable. The attractive mountainous area was blocked by large hotel developments, and the beaches were dirty from litter left by tourists, and polluted form excessive sewage. There was also strain on the resources such as water, as it takes 60 000 gallons to run a luxury hotel for a day.
Similar efects were seen in the Baleric islands, were 5 out of 7 aquifers were contaiminated.
In the 1990s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation. The beaches were tidied, and achieved Blue Flag status from the EU, confirming they are safe and unpolluted. VAT was cut to 6% to encourage tourists and businesses alike.
Spain began to diversify its' tourism market to eco tourism and heritage tourism. The proposed development of Coto Donana national park to 'Costa Donana' was abandoned as it was a wetland area popular with rare birds, and development had already seen a drop in the water table and the death of 30 000 wild birds form pesticide contamination, so Coto Donana developed a Spainish Ornothological Society visitors centre, to use the environment as an economic asset. This is an example of eco tourism.
Tourism spread more inland in Spain to Madrid and Barcelona, for attractions such as 'The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família', or in English the church of the sacred family.
Overall Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but aspatial change moving inland.
[edit] Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe is an example of both top down and bottom up approach to tourism, currently in the involvement stage of the Butler model.
Tourim provides 60 000 jobs in Zimbabwe and is worth £53 million a year.
Top Down approach:
The government have proposed that in order to keep the resource that attracts tourism (safari) they have set national parks, however this has meant settling nomads and making different social groups live together on communal land. However in a country with a quickly growing population this is not plausible, and areas are needed for more food production. This does not give much benefit for the local people.
Bottom up approach:
The CAMPFIRE project is a project whereby the communities are in charge. They take 80% of the profit, and 90% of the income is from selling hunting concessions to tourists. They have set quotas of animals that can be hunted in order to keep the tourism sustainable.
[edit] TBC for Goa, Gambia, Blackpool, Australia
charter flights to goa 1987!!
