Survey research and design in psychology/Tutorials/Correlation/General steps

General steps in correlational analysis

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In correlational analysis we are asking the general question: "To what extent are two variables related (dependent) or un-related (independent)?" More specifically, in the case of linear correlation, we are asking the question: "To what extent do two variables exhibit a linear relationship?" Recommended steps for conducting correlational analyses are: Determine the level of measurement for each variable. Examine univariate descriptive statistics and graphical displays for each variable, paying particular attention to the sample size (N >= 50; VanVoorhis & Morgan, 2007), frequencies, central tendency, and distribution of responses. Recode if necessary (e.g., if there are too few responses for a response option or data is not normally distributed). Examine a bivariate graph (e.g,. clustered bar graph or scatterplot) Examine bivariate descriptive statistics if variables are discrete (i.e., cross-tabs or contingency tables) Examine relevant correlational statistics, including indicators of size (e.g., Phi, Cramer's ν, Point biserial, Spearman's Rho or Kendall's Tau, or product-moment correlation (r)) and statistical significance of the relationship Interpret/conclude - Explain, in clear, simple language, what the correlational analysis indicates about the relationship (direction, strength, and significance) between the constructs of interest.