School:Islamic studies

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Islam (Arabic: الإسلام; al-'islām) is a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th-century Arab. The word Islam means "submission," or the total surrender of one's self to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh). Islam's adherents are known as Muslims, meaning "one who submits (to God)". There are between 0.9 and 1.3 billion Muslims, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, after Christianity.

Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam. They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that Judaism and Christianity distorted the messages of these prophets over time either in interpretation, in text, or both.

Islam includes many religious practices. Adherents are generally required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community.[5] In addition to the Five Pillars, Islamic law (Sharia) has developed a tradition of rulings that touch on virtually all aspects of life and society. This tradition encompasses everything from practical matters like dietary laws and banking to practices like jihad. According to Peter Mansfield, " In addition to the five Pillars, Muslims are enjoined to jihad, which means 'striving' or 'exerting oneself', in the Way of God. Today jihad is usually translated as 'holy war', although there is nothing in the word to indicate that the striving is to be carried out by the sword or the tongue or any other method. What the Koran does say (ii, 190) is: 'And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you but be not aggressive. Surely Allah loves not the aggressive.' Fighting is clearly limited to fighting in defence. The only apparent exceptions are in Koran ix, 5, where the context of the command to 'slay the idolators' shows that the reference is to idolatrous tribes of Arabia assembled at the Pilgrimage, who had first made agreements with the Muslims and then violated them and in Koran ix, 29 where the Faithful are enjoined to fight 'those who have received the Book' (i.e. Jews and Christians) but 'believe not in God nor in the Last Day'. Nowhere does the Koran command Muslims to propagate their faith by the sword." (Mansfield 1992, p. 29)

Almost all Muslims belong to one of two major denominations, the Sunni and Shi'a. The schism developed in the late 7th century following disagreements over the religious and political leadership of the Muslim community. Roughly 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 percent are Shi'a. Islam is the predominant religion throughout the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Large communities are also found in China, Western Europe, the Balkan Peninsula, and Russia. Only about 20 percent of Muslims come from Arab countries.

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Islam, Peace and Tolerance

Mansfield, Peter (1992)The Arabs/ New edition, Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics

School:Islamic studies

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