Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/A

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The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms

A

Note: 'A' is a prefix of Greek derivation meaning 'Without'

e.g Asymptomatic means 'Without symptoms'.

Aboulia (lack of will or initiative)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Aboulia Lack of will or initiative There is an alternative spelling ’Abulia’. This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes. Common features of aboulia are:- • Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements • Lack of spontaneous movement • Reduced spontaneous movement • Increased response-time to queries • Passivity • Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity • Reduced social interactions • Reduced interest in usual pastimes This has been described by:- Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report Redgrave et al (2010)Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease Drubach et al (2011)Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Further Research Search the scientific literature (Aboulia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aboulia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Abulia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Abulia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Agnosia (difficulties in action or perception)

Redirected to Apraxia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Apraxia Difficulties in action or perception (May include Agnosia - Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells) This has been studied by:- Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Apraxia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agnosia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agnosia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Agrypnia (persistent sleeplessness)

Redirected to Insomnia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Insomnia Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Insomnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Akathesia (restless legs)

Redirected to Restless Legs Syndrome: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Restless Legs Syndrome Uncontrollable, involuntary movement of the legs and feet The following references are relevant:- Gao et al (2010) Restless Legs Syndrome and Erectile Dysfunction Gao et al (2010) Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson’s disease in men Pourcher et al (2010) Compulsive habits in restless legs syndrome patients under dopaminergic treatment Peeraully and Tan (2012) Linking restless legs syndrome with Parkinson's disease: clinical, imaging and genetic evidence http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802250/ Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Restless_Legs_Syndrome. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Akinesia (freezing of gait)

Redirected to Freezing of gait ( To subpage for editing >> ) Freezing of gait Inability to initiate locomotion The following references are relevant:- Morris et al (2010) Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders Maidan et al (2010) Heart rate changes during freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease Espay et al(2012) “On” state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease - A paradoxical levodopa-induced complication Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Freezing_of_gait. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Algolagnia (excessive sexual activity)

Redirected to Hypersexuality: Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity ( To subpage for editing >> ) (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality . This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Amimia (fixed and vacant expression)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Amimia Fixed and vacant expression (masking) Very little research has been carried out on this common PD symptom but the following are relevant :- Allen (1931) The Dissociation of voluntary and emotional movements of the face with special reference to emotional paresis as a physical sign Hemmesch et al (2009)The Influence of Facial Masking and Sex on Older Adults’ Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. Clark et al (2011) Visual Exploration of Emotional Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease Tickle-Degnen et al (2011) Culture, Gender and Health Care Stigma: Practitioners’ Response to Facial Masking Experienced by People with Parkinson’s Disease < Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Amimia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Aphagia(inability to swallow)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Aphagia Inability to swallow Swallowing problems are frequently reported by PD patients but the symptom awaits detailed scientific research. The following references are relevant:- eHealthMe (1977)Could Parkinson's disease cause Aphagia? A study of 26 patients eHealthMe (1977) Could Azilect cause Aphagia? Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aphagia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Aphonia (inability to make sounds)

Aphonia: Inability to make sounds. ( To subpage for editing >> ) Aphonia Inability to make sounds The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease Hallett (2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism Search the scientific literature (Aphonia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aphonia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Aphrenia(stoppage of thought)

Aphrenia: Stoppage of thought Redirected to Dementia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Dementia Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function See also Cognitive Impairment The following references are relevant. Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dementia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Apnoea (stoppage of breathing)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Apnoea Arrest of breathing There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool: Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study Further Research Search the scientific literature - Apnoea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apnoea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature - Apnea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apnea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Apraxia (difficulties in action or perception)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Apraxia Difficulties in action or perception (May include Agnosia - Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells) This has been studied by:- Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Apraxia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agnosia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agnosia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Ataxia(lack of voluntary co-ordination of muscle movements)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Ataxia Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements The following references are relevant:- Nocera et al Impaired Step Up/Over in Persons With Parkinson’s Disease Paquette et al (2011) Walking in circles: navigation deficits from Parkinson's disease but not from cerebellar ataxia Chaturvedi and Flint (2013) Mitochondrial Diseases of the Brain. Further Research Search the scientific literature (Ataxia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Ataxia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Athetosis (involuntary movements of the face, tongue and extremities)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Athetosis Involuntary movements of the face, tongue and extremities. A number of projects have concentrated on this symptom:- Neilson (1974) Measurement of involuntary arm movement in athetotic patients Hallett and Alvarez (1983) Attempted rapid elbow movements in patients with athetosis Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Athetosis. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Automatism (forced obedience to external stimulli or commands)

( To subpage for editing >> ) Automatism Forced obedience to external stimuli or commands. Some potentially relevant references are:- Allain et al (1995) Explicit and procedural memory in Parkinson's disease. Allain et al (1995) Procedural memory and Parkinson's disease. Perez-Velazquez (2012) The biophysical bases of will-less behaviours Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Automatism. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

< Back to Parkinson's Symptoms

Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:

A	B	C	D	E
F - G	H	I - L	M - N	O
P - Q	R	S	T	U - Z

(Click to go to table for editing)