Introduction to Functional Groups
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Contents |
[edit] Introduction
Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that affect its function. Some basic ones are listed below.
[edit] Alkane
Every organic structure is based on alkanes. They contain only carbon and hydrogen, which are only connected through single bonds (C-H or C-C). These bounds are quite stable, non-polar and therefore hydrophobic.
You can differ between linear, branched and cyclic alkanes.
-list of linear alkanes with names, structure and semistructure will follow
Molecular Formula of Alkene is :CnH2n+2
[edit] Alkene
[edit] Alkyne
[edit] Hydroxyl Group
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The hydroxyl group is formed by attaching a oxygen and a hydrogen atom to a molecule. Both the bond from the molecule to the oxygen and the bond from the oxygen to the hydrogen are single bonds; thus hydroxyl groups are usually denoted R-O-H. (where O is oxygen, H is hydrogen, and R is the molecule the hydroxyl group is attached to)
An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group is called an alcohol.
Reactions of alcohols is covered in Section 4.2
[edit] Carbonyl Group
The Carbonyl group is formed by attaching a oxygen to a carbon by a double bond, then attaching that same carbon atom to a molecule. A carbonyl group is denoted X-C=O
[edit] Carboxyl Group
The carboxyl group is formed by starting with a carbonyl group , then attaching a hydroxyl group to the same carbon atom in the carbonyl group. Finally, the carboxyl group is added to a molecule. Because carbon has four bonding sites, and three of them are taken up by the hydrogen and oxygen, the bond from the carbon to the molecule is a single bond. A carboxyl group is denoted X-COH=O
[edit] Aromatic
[edit] Haloalkane
[edit] Ether
[edit] Amine
[edit] Aldehyde
[edit] Ketone
[edit] Ester
[edit] Amide
[edit] Nitrile
This functional group is fotmed when nytrogen has a triple bound with carbon
