Dominant group/Geography
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From the Wikipedia article: geography "is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth."[1] Dominant group is a theoretical entity used by primary source authors to indicate phenomena of importance.
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Educational level: this is a tertiary (university) resource. |
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Educational level: this is a research resource. |
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Resource type: this resource is an article. |
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Resource type: this resource consists of notes. |
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Subject classification: this is a geography resource . |
[edit] Notation
To help with definitions, their meanings and intents, there is the learning resource theory of definition.
Notation: let the symbol Def. indicate that a definition is following.
[edit] Biogeography
Def. "[t]he study of the geographical distribution of living things", from biogeography, is called biogeography.
From the Wikipedia article biogeography: "Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species (biology), organisms, and ecosystems in space and through geological time."
"Despite differences between coastal and pelagic waters, and the differences both in the isolation techniques used and in the scale, the same major phylogenetic groups have been identified as being dominant in both these environments; however, in the larger scale study, a total of 16 major taxa were detected and in the open ocean Cyanobacteria were a dominant group."[2]
"The Chironomidae were the dominant group numerically."[3]
"Taxonomically, the studies covered a broad range of organisms, but vertebrates were the dominant group."[4]
[edit] Climatology
Climatology "is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time,[5] and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences." after the Wikipedia article climatology.
"From the outset WG1, chaired by Sir John Houghton of the UK Meteorological Office, was the dominant group."[6]
"A dominant group size of at least 50% might be a useful criterion since a size smaller than 50% would mean that the other two groups combined would outnumber the dominant group. Ten of the 20 circulation types shown in Fig. 3 pass this test."[7]
"Relevant amongst our findings is that sinuous tracks are the minority group from May to August, but then become the dominant group from September through to December, suggesting a major shift in the degree of synoptic control on typhoon movement between the first and second half of the typhoon season"[8]
"The results of the factor analysis show that the rainfall characteristics (amount, intensity, duration) are the dominant group of factors, representing the highest weight for explaining the amount of throughfall, with high positive correlations (r = 0.99; r = 0.90 yr = 0.83, respectively)."[9]
[edit] Coastal geography
"For practical applications, such as in engineering design, the mean dominant group wave height would he more pertinent than the significant wave height, since the more realistic group structure of the waves has basically prevailed over the hypothetical stationary structure of the waves."[10]
"In most estuaries overall pressure was generated by a dominant group of pressure components, with several systems being afflicted by similar problematic sources."[11]
"Each factor is described according to the dominant group of variables."[12]
[edit] Cultural geography
“In class societies, where surplus production is appropriated by the dominant group, symbolic production is likewise seized as hegemonic class culture to be imposed across all classes.”[13]
"Control is frequently aided by systematically fostering ideologies that promote the interests of a dominant group, often by legitimizing the status quo [83]."[14]
"Thus Dennis Cosgrove, one of the dominant British members of this landscape school, argued that 'in class societies, where surplus production is appropriated by the dominant group, symbolic production is likewise seized as hegemonic class culture to be imposed on all classes' (Cosgrove, 1983, p. 5)"[15]
[edit] Demography
[edit] Development geography
"Johnston (1995, p. 194) argues that, without a right that protects against "the group-destructive practice of alienating native land" by the dominant group, indigenous identity will be threatened."[16]
"Are there subnational groups which have competing security outlooks which are at odds with the state or dominant group?"[17]
"As the views, interests and preferences of the dominant group go, so go the form and content of education that are put in place."[18]
[edit] Economic geography
"In order to assimilate into the privileged group, individuals must acquire the “proper” cultural capital and internalize the dominant group's habitus."[19]
"Unfortunately, his failure to provide more than a static and ahistorical description of residential and workplace segregation of arbitrarily defined social groups amounts to an abstraction and a distortion of the lived geographies of people who are often (but not always) subjected to oppression by a dominant group."[20]
"Landscapes of the 'other' are then constructed by the dominant group as disruptive of the 'normal' order, to be eradicated, or at least contained and managed."[21]
[edit] Environmental management
[edit] Geodesy
Def. "the measurement and representation of earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, earth tides, and crustal motion) in three‐dimensional, time‐varying space", after Wiktionary geodesy, is called geodesy.
"The oldest and north at varying angles, so that the oldest sediments most dominant group (RG-1) contains faults that strike within the grabens have the steepest northward dip, with 75–110° and is the group that includes most of the faults progressively lower dips in younger sediments."[22]
"Consequently, the resulting age is an average on all sources, which is often close to the dominant group, when one age population is volumetrically dominant."[23]
"This is expected since they are successive harmonics of the M2 dominant group."[24]
[edit] Geomorphology
"It was the dominant group on sediment-covered reefs below 75 m depth."[25]
"Because they are isolated from influxes originating from overland transport of nutrients and sediments, they have little opportunity to influence the quality of ground water and surface water; hence, their interactions with the atmosphere through acid deposition and carbon dioxide exchanges become a dominant group of functions as described above."[26]
"A tributary classification was defined by dominant group membership (including first and second order streams Milksick Branch, Auger Fork, Frozen Creek and Cobb Creek; Table 1)."[27]
[edit] Glaciology
Def. "[t]he study of ice and its effect on the landscape, especially the study of glaciers, per Wiktionary glaciology, is called glaciology.
"The algae was the dominant group, and all obtained sequences belonged to Chlamydomonadales."[28]
"The dominant group of large waves (upper centre) are called internal waves."[29]
"The DP2 porphyritic dominant group corresponds to a very typical alumino-cafemic association (Fig. 3) of light-coloured subalkaline (ie monzonitic) nature (Fig. 4)."[30]
[edit] Geopolitics
[edit] Health geography
[edit] Historical geography
[edit] Human geography
Also, from the Wikipedia article geography: "Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape the human society. It encompasses human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects." including the following description of branches.
Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
[edit] Hydrography
[edit] Hydrology
"Waters of “local” rainfall and imported, “Colorado” River aqueduct origins are easily distinguished from dominant, “native” Santa Ana river compositions by use of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis."[31]
"The Santa Ana river isotopic signature will also be shown to be nearly identical to that observed for the dominant group of Orange County groundwater wells sampled in this study".[31]
"Phenols form a dominant group of compounds deposited at the site but their abundance in the groundwater is reduced by an order of magnitude within 50 m of the lagoon."[32]
[edit] Landscape ecology
[edit] Meteorology
[edit] Oceanography
[edit] Paleogeography
[edit] Pedology
"The second and dominant group is yellow reddish granite soil which is coarse and highly dispersible."[33]
"The sediments were dominantly consisted of silt and clay of percentage over 95%, and that the <30 μm particle group was the “dominant group”."[34]
"Hydrophobic acids, which constitute the dominant group of dissolved organic compounds in the humic layer, are effectively retained as water percolates through E and B horizons of podzol profiles (East- house et al., 1992)."[35]
[edit] Physical geography
"Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and issues of : lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere)." per the Wikipedia article geography which includes the following description of branches.
Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:
[edit] Phylogeography
"[M]odern haplochromines gave rise to several major adaptive radiations; the most prominent ones are those of [Lake Malawi] LM and [Lake Victoria] LV."[36] The radiation of the Tropheini from Lake Tanganyika (LT) "must now be considered as an additional radiation of the modern haplochromines, corroborating the much older perception that LT accommodates several independent species flocks".[36] "This implies that the ancestor of the Tropheini successfully re-entered the lake habitat and evolved into the presently dominant group in the rocky littoral zone of LT."[36]
[edit] Political geography
[edit] Population geography
[edit] Quaternary science
"Our data strengthen this hypothesis and show unequivocally that haplogroup C, an endemic and dominant group of North American mammoths, was basal to all remaining Asian mammoth populations (including that on Wrangel Island)."[37]
"Where multiple grain single aliquot OSL measurements provide a range of dose values, the dating specialist may choose to accept a dominant group of aliquots and reject outliers."[38]
"Arvicolids became the dominant group of mammalian faunas in Quaternary, after they replaced the previously very abundant cricetids and murids."[39]
[edit] Religion geography
[edit] Social geography
[edit] Time geography
[edit] Tourism geography
[edit] Transportation geography
“The river traffic is not concentrated; there is no one dominant group of docks, wharves, warehouses, etc.; on the contrary the traffic is widely dispersed along the shores.”[40]
"In our survey work in the inner city suburb of Lenton in Nottingham, we detected a dominant group that fell in to this category."[41]
[edit] Urban geography
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ↑ Geography. The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
- ↑ Alan C Ward, Nagamani Bora (June 2006). "Diversity and biogeography of marine actinobacteria". Current Opinion in Microbiology 9 (3): 279-86. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2006.04.004. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ Ferrella March & David Bass (January 1995). "Application of island biogeography theory to temporary pools". Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10 (1): 83-5. doi:10.1080/02705060.1995.9663420. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ Yrjö Haila (April 2002). "A Conceptual Genealogy of Fragmentation Research: from Island Biogeography to Landscape Ecology". Ecological Applications 12 (2): 321-34. doi:[0321:ACGOFR2.0.CO;2] 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0321:ACGOFR]2.0.CO;2]]. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ Climate Prediction Center Climate Glossary. Retrieved on November 23, 2006.
- ↑ John Lanchbery and David Victor (1995). "The role of Science in the Global Climate Negotiations, In: Green Globe Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development": 29–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ W. A. R. Brinkmann (June 1999). "Application of non-hierarchically clustered circulation components to surface weather conditions: Lake Superior Basin winter temperatures". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 63 (1-2): 41-56. doi:10.1007/s007040050090. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ James P. Terry, Chen-Chieh Feng (December 2010). "On quantifying the sinuosity of typhoon tracks in the western North Pacific basin". Applied Geography 30 (4): 678-86. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.01.007. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ Beatriz Mateos, Susana Schnabel (2001). "Rainfall interception in Mediterranean open woodland". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica (27): 27-38. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ Paul C Liu (November 2000). "Wave grouping characteristics in nearshore Great Lakes". Ocean Engineering 27 (11): 1221-30. doi:10.1016/S0029-8018(99)00042-6. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ R. P. Vasconcelos, P. Reis-Santos, V Fonseca, A. Maia, M. Ruano, S. Franca, C. Vinagre, M. J. Costa, H. Cabral (March 2007). "Assessing anthropogenic pressures on estuarine fish nurseries along the Portuguese coast: a multi-metric index and conceptual approach". Science of The Total Environment 374 (2-3): 199-215. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.048. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ Inmaculada Riba, Carmen Casado-Martínez, Jesús M. Forja, Ángel Del Valls (February 2004). "Sediment quality in the Atlantic coast of Spain". Enviromental Toxicology and Chemistry 23 (2): 271-82. doi:10.1897/03-146. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.
- ↑ Denis E. Cosgrove (April 1983). "Towards a radical cultural geography: problems of theory". Antipode A Radical Journal of Geography 15 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.1983.tb00318.x. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
- ↑ Wilbert M. Gesler (April 1992). "Therapeutic landscapes: medical issues in light of the new cultural geography". Social Science & Medicine 34 (7): 735-46. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90360-3. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Linda McDowell (1994). Derek Gregory, Ron Martin, and Graham Smith. ed. The transformation of cultural geography, In: Human Geography: society, space and social science. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 146-73. ISBN 0-8166-2618-9. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9kszfZT-YZYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA146&dq=%22hegemonic+class+culture+to+be+imposed+on+all+classes%27%22&ots=FZFuRdbd2f&sig=sTO-y7r6dcRzB_FfOI-4AzZGzlk. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Catherine Nolin, Jaqui Stephens (2010). "“We Have to Protect the Investors”: 'Development' & Canadian Mining Companies in Guatemala". Journal of Rural and Community Development 5 (3): 37-70. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Xavier Carim (June 1995). "Critical and postmodern readings of strategic culture and Southern African security in the 1990s". Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 22 (2): 53-71. doi:10.1080/02589349508705022. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Getachew Felleke (September 2005). "Education and Modernization: An Examination of the Experiences of Japan and Ethiopia". African and Asian Studies 4 (4): 509-46. doi:10.1163/156920905775826233. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Erik R Girard, Harald Bauder (February 2007). "Assimilation and Exclusion of Foreign Trained Engineers in Canada: Inside a Professional Regulatory Organization". Antipode A Radical Journal of Geography 39 (1): 35-53. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00505.x. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Lawrence D. Berg (March-April 1993). "Racialization in academic discourse". Urban Geography 14 (2): 194-200. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.14.2.194. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Lily Kong and Lisa Law (August 2002). "Introduction: contested landscapes, Asian cities". Urban Studies 39 (9): 1503-12. doi:10.1080/00420980220151628. Retrieved on 2011-12-29.
- ↑ Tz. Tzankov, D. Angelova, R. Nakov, B. C. Burchfiel, L. H. Royden (June 1996). "The Sub‐Balkan graben system of central Bulgaria". Basin research 8 (2): 125-42. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01452.x. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ Franz Neubauer, Gertrude Friedl, Johann Genser, Robert Handler, Dieter Mader & Detlef Schneider (2007). "Origin and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps deduced from dating of detrital white mica: a review". Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 100: 8-23. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ Nicolas Florsch, Muriel Llubes, Guy Wöppelmann, Laurent Longuevergne, Jean-Paul Boy (December 2009). "Oceanic loading monitored by ground-based tiltmeters at Cherbourg (France)". Journal of Geodynamics 48 (3-5): 211-8. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2009.09.017. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ T. C. L. Bridge, T. J. Done, R. J. Beaman, A. Friedman, S. B. Williams, O. Pizarro and J. M. Webster (March 2011). "Topography, substratum and benthic macrofaunal relationships on a tropical mesophotic shelf margin, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Coral Reefs 30 (1): 143-53. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0677-3. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ Mark M. Brinson (June 1993). "Changes in the functioning of wetlands along environmental gradients". Wetlands 13 (2): 65-74. doi:10.1007/BF03160866. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ J. L. Robinson, P. S. Rand (March 2005). "Discontinuity in fish assemblages across an elevation gradient in a southern Appalachian watershed, USA". Ecology of Freshwater Fish 14 (1): 14-23. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2005.00063.x. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ W Zhang, G-S Zhang, G-X Liu, T Li, Z-Q Li, L-Z An (October 2010). "Diversity and Its Temporal-Spatial Characteristics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms on Glacier No. 1 at the Ueruemqi River Head, Tianshan Montains". Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 32 (5): 906-13. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ D. L. Evans (October 1999). "Applications of imaging radar data in Earth science investigations". Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal 11 (5): 227-34. doi:10.1049/ecej:19990504. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ F. Debon, P. Le Fort, D. Dautel, J. Sonet, J.L. Zimmermann (January 1987). "Granites of western Karakorum and northern Kohistan (Pakistan): a composite Mid-Cretaceous to upper Cenozoic magmatism". Lithos 20 (1): 19-40. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Alan E. Williams (December 1997). "Stable isotope tracers: natural and anthropogenic recharge, Orange County, California". Journal of Hydrology 201 (1-4): 230-48. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00042-5. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ G.M. Williams, J.J.W. Higgo (July 1994). "In situ and laboratory investigations into contaminant migration". Journal of Hydrology 159 (1-4): 1-25. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(94)90246-1. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ Majid Soufi (2002). "Processes and Trend of Gully Development in a Forest Environment in Australia, In: 12th ISCO Conference": 487-93. Beijing: ISCO. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ SHI Chen-Xi, MO Che-Wen, MAO Long-Jiang, LIU Hui (2009). "The impact of middle to late Holocene environmental changes on human activities in the Qujialing region, Jingshan, Hubei Province". Earth Science Frontiers 16 (6): 120-8. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ Dag Hongve, Gunnhild Riise and JanF. Kristiansen (June 2004). "Increased colour and organic acid concentrations in Norwegian forest lakes and drinking water–a result of increased precipitation?". Aquatic Sciences-Research Across Boundaries 66 (2): 231-8. doi:10.1007/s00027-004-0708-7. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Walter Salzburger, Tanja Mack, Erik Verheyen and Axel Meyer (February 2005). "Out of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology 5 (17). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-17. PMID 15723698. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ↑ Regis Debruyne, Genevieve Chu, Christine E. King, Kirsti Bos, Melanie Kuch, Carsten Schwarz, Paul Szpak, Darren R. Gröcke, Paul Matheus, Grant Zazula, Dale Guthrie, Duane Froese, Bernard Buigues, Christian de Marliave, Clare Flemming, Debi Poinar, Daniel Fisher, John Southon, Alexei N. Tikhonov, Ross D.E. MacPhee, Hendrik N. Poinar (September 2008). "Out of America: Ancient DNA Evidence for a New World Origin of Late Quaternary Woolly Mammoths". Current Biology 18 (17): 1320-6. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ Edward J. Rhodes (February 2007). "Quartz Single Grain Osl Sensitivity Distributions: Implications for Multiple Grain Single Aliquot Dating". Geochronometria 26: 19-29. doi:10.2478/v10003-007-0002-5. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ Piroska Pazonyi (July 2011). "Palaeoecology of Late Pliocene and Quaternary mammalian communities in the Carpathian Basin". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia-Series A: Vertebrata 54 (1-2): 1-32. doi:10.3409/azc.54a_1-2.01-29. Retrieved on 2012-02-05.
- ↑ Albert Demangeon (November 1920). "The Port of Paris". Geographical Review 10 (5): 277-96. Retrieved on 2011-07-26.
- ↑ John Preston, Fiona Rajé (May 2007). "Accessibility, mobility and transport-related social exclusion". Journal of Transport Geography 15 (3): 151-60. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.05.002. Retrieved on 2012-02-25.
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